Radical unity

Spinoza added to this by proposing that God and nature were not separate but the same infinite substance. He believed that everything in existence formed part of an infinite whole, so divinity and the universe were one and the same thing. He called this Deus sive Natura (God or Nature).

An unresolved dilemma

Kant posed a paradox: if the universe were finite, what lay beyond? If it were infinite, how could something extend without limit? His work emphasized that both ideas led to contradictions that might be beyond human comprehension.

Turning infinity into a tool

Calculus allowed people to solve problems involving motion, change, and curves, which turned infinity from an abstract puzzle into a practical tool for science and engineering.