Facing the most devastating attacks since its 1980s war with Iraq, Iran has described the still-ongoing Israeli assault as a "declaration of war," the harshest language yet in a decadeslong rivalry now trending toward full-scale conflict.

But despite having invested in a sprawling network of allies across the Middle East, Iran finds its "Axis of Resistance" coalition severely weakened as a result of an exhausting battle with Israel, sparked by an October 7, 2023, surprise attack led by the Palestinian Hamas movement.

Hamas condemned the Israeli strikes against Iran, which began late Thursday, but the group remains mired in its 20-month fight in the Gaza Strip. Other groups, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and factions aligned with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, have also criticized Israel's actions, but they have fallen short of promising intervention.

Thus far, only one group, Yemen's Ansar Allah, also known as the Houthi movement, has pledged new attacks against Israel, part of a continuous campaign tied to the war in Gaza.

An Israeli military official told Newsweek the strikes were part of what has been dubbed "Operation Rising Lion," conducted in response to intelligence indicating that Iran had obtained enough material to produce up to 15 nuclear bombs. The official indicated that the campaign could go on for days.

With Israeli strikes still targeting Iranian military sites, nuclear facilities, senior leaders and scientists, factions of the Axis of Resistance are carefully measuring their reactions in comments shared with Newsweek and published to official channels.

Ansar Allah

Ansar Allah has emerged as the most active member of the Axis of Resistance in the fight against Israel. The group has pressed on with missile and drone strikes, even after agreeing to halt attacks on commercial vessels and U.S. warships in a deal struck last month with President Donald Trump's administration.

The group claimed its most recent attack on Wednesday, just hours after the Israeli Navy launched an unprecedented strike on Yemen's crucial Al-Hodeidah port. That same day, as reports mounted of an anticipated large-scale Israeli attack on Iran, an Ansar Allah source told Newsweek such an operation would prove "dangerous and will drag the entire region into the abyss of war."

On Friday, with Iran under repeated attack, the Ansar Allah source said the group would continue its long-range offensive.

"We have been at war for some time with the Zionist enemy entity," the Ansar Allah source told Newsweek. "And our support for Gaza and our defense of our country against the Zionist aggression against it has continued, before and after the Zionist aggression against the Islamic Republic of Iran."

Shortly afterward, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) reported on sirens having sounded in response to a suspected projectile launch from Yemen, followed by a missile impact near the West Bank city of Hebron, which is divided between Palestinian and Israeli control.

Men dressed in military fatigues stand next to the coffins of Hezbollah official Hassan Bdeir (R) and his son Ali (L) who were killed in an Israeli strike that targeted their apartment the previous day, ahead of their funeral procession in Beirut's southern suburbs on April 2, 2025. ANWAR AMRO/AFP/Getty Images

Hezbollah

Hezbollah was long regarded as the most powerful faction of the Axis of Resistance, having fought two wars against Israel, both of which ended with a ceasefire and both sides declaring victory. The war in Gaza marked the third major confrontation between the two foes.

Once again, both sides portrayed the subsequent truce signed on November 27, 2024, as win for their respective sides, but the losses suffered by Hezbollah were considerable. The group's longtime leader, Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah, was killed in a September airstrike in Beirut, and scores of other senior commanders and military equipment was lost due to intensified Israeli operations.

Hezbollah has since sought to regroup. But the effort is complicated by the downfall of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, another key Axis of Resistance member, to an Islamist-led rebel offensive launched the same day as the ceasefire with Israel, cutting off a critical route through allies in Syria, Iraq and Iran.

Meanwhile, Israel has continued to strike alleged Hezbollah targets in Lebanon despite the truce, to which the group says it remains committed after the Israeli attacks on Iran.

"Hezbollah is committed to the ceasefire agreement, even though Israel has not respected this commitment over the past period," a Hezbollah spokesperson told Newsweek on Friday. "It continues to kill, assassinate, and attack areas, including entering border villages and remaining at the five points."

In a statement issued that same day, Hezbollah Secretary-General Sheikh Naim Qassem said neither the U.S. nor Israel would "be able to influence the choices of the Islamic Republic of Iran, nor its role and position," and "rather, its dignity and resilience will increase, and the Israeli entity will regret its barbarism and brutality."

"We, in Hezbollah, our Islamic Resistance, and our struggling people, adhere to our approach and resistance, and we support the Islamic Republic of Iran in its rights and position, and in all the steps and measures it takes to defend itself and its choices," Qassem said. "The criminal Israeli enemy and its tyrannical sponsor, America, will reap nothing but shame, disgrace, and loss."

An Iraqi paramilitary soldier attends a rally on the annual Al-Quds Day, a holiday established by Iran to commemorate Palestinian and Islamic claims to Jerusalem, in Baghdad, Iraq, on March 28, 2025. Hadi Mizban/AP

Islamic Resistance in Iraq

The Islamic Resistance in Iraq is an umbrella term used by a number of Iraqi militias aligned with the broader Axis of Resistance coalition. Among the most powerful groups include Kataib Hezbollah and the Nujaba Movement, both of which are also officially members of the Iraqi state-sponsored Popular Mobilization Forces paramilitary network, though they often operate independently of the government.

Like Ansar Allah, Islamic Resistance in Iraq militias have conducted dozens of missile and drone attacks against Israel, though the campaign has largely been paused since an initial Israel-Hamas ceasefire was reached in January. The groups have yet to announce new operations after the truce broke down in March and Israel resumed its offensive in Gaza.

The Islamic Resistance in Iraq has also claimed dozens of attacks against U.S. forces in Iraq and Syria, though these operations have been largely paused since then-President Joe Biden announced in February of last year the beginning of consultations for the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq. A plan was announced in September that would see the U.S. draw down its military presence in two phases.

Trump has yet to commit to the plan, however, and Iraqi militias have repeatedly told Newsweek attacks on U.S. forces would resume if U.S. troops remained in the country indefinitely.

This call for the expulsion of U.S. forces in Iraq was renewed in a statement issued Thursday by Kataib Hezbollah and circulated across social media in response to the Israeli attacks on Iran.

"American forces in Iraq paved the way for this aggression by opening Iraqi airspace to provide safe passage for the Zionist air force to commit its crimes against neighboring Iran and its Muslim people," the group said. "If it is said that we do not want Iraq to be a battlefield, then it is necessary to control the role of foreign forces present on Iraqi soil and controlling its skies."

"Accordingly," the statement added, "the government must urgently expel these hostile forces country to avoid further wars in the region and prevent the bloodshed of its people."

Newsweek has reached out to the Nujaba Movement for comment.

Hamas fighters gather at the site of the handing over of Israeli hostages at the Nuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip as part of the seventh hostage-prisoner release on February 22, 2025. SAEED JARAS/Middle East Images/AFP/Getty Images

Hamas

Hamas' military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, issued a statement of "solidarity with the Islamic Republic of Iran in the face of the brutal Zionist aggression" in a statement issued Friday.

The group attributed the Israeli attacks to "Iran's stance alongside the Palestinian people and its substantial support for their honorable resistance," and argued that the Axis of Resistance would remain intact despite the sweeping Israeli strikes.

"The Zionist enemy is utterly deluded if it believes these treacherous strikes can weaken the resistance fronts or stabilize this fragile entity in the region," the Al-Qassem Brigades said. "On the contrary, it continues to make successive strategic mistakes that will only hasten its inevitable demise, by God's will."

Newsweek has reached out to Hamas for comment.

As the leading frontline force in the fight initiated by the group in 2023, Hamas has suffered the brunt of casualties inflicted by Israel. Still, Israeli officials say the group retains a degree of operational capacity, allowing it to continue conducting attacks against the IDF, often in coordination with other Palestinian factions in Gaza.

But as ceasefire talks backed by the U.S., Egypt and Qatar drag on, the U.S. and Israel have asserted that Hamas would need to be removed from power as a prerequisite for any post-war solution.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has also repeatedly stated the conflict would not end until Hamas was destroyed as a functioning military and political entity.

With the group's future thrown into even greater uncertainty as a result of the Israeli strikes across Iran, Hamas appealed for a united front in a separate statement issued by its media office on Friday.

"The Zionist aggression against Iran marks a dangerous escalation, confirms the existential nature of struggle against the Ummah's central enemy, and demands a unified stance to deter the Zionist occupation and end its crimes," Hamas said.

The final vote tally is displayed on a screen after the UN General Assembly voted on and adopted a draft resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and urged "all necessary measures" to pressure Israel into ending the conflict, at UN Headquarters in New York City on June 12, 2025. CHARLY TRIBALLEAU/AFP/Getty Images

The Rest of the World

Iran has no formal treaty allies, though it has pursued strategic ties with a number of countries, including major powers such as China and Russia. Both Beijing and Moscow criticized Israel's attacks, while calling for urgent measures toward de-escalation.

Saudi Arabia, a traditional rival of Iran that has improved ties with the Islamic Republic since reestablishing relations in a March 2023 deal brokered by China, also condemned what it called "the blatant Israeli aggressions against the brotherly Islamic Republic of Iran, which undermine its sovereignty and security and constitute a clear violation of international laws and norms."

Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, which normalized ties with Israel as part of the 2020 Abraham Accords overseen by the first Trump administration, were also among those in the region to join in condemning the Israeli attacks against Iran.

As Israel braces for an anticipated counterattack, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi issued a letter to the Security Council informing U.N. leadership that Tehran planned to "respond decisively and proportionately to these unlawful and cowardly acts" and appealing for international action against Israel.

"The Security Council and the Secretary-General must condemn this aggression and act immediately and unambiguously," Araghchi wrote in the letter, which was shared with Newsweek by the Iranian Mission to the U.N. "This is not merely a military attack against one nation—it is a direct assault on the principles that underpin the international legal order."

He added: "Failure to respond will only embolden the aggressor, reward impunity, and invite further chaos in an already fragile region."

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