Thyroid 101: everything you need to know

What is the thyroid?

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, located just below the Adam's apple area. It plays a critical role in regulating the body's metabolism through the release of thyroid hormones.

Hormones it produces

The thyroid produces hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones influence nearly every cell in the body and are vital for energy production, growth, and development.

Metabolism regulation

Thyroid hormones control the body's metabolic rate, meaning how fast you burn calories and produce energy. An imbalance can lead to weight gain or loss, fatigue, and changes in temperature sensitivity.

Thyroid and brain health

Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development and function. Low levels, especially in infants, can lead to developmental delays, while imbalances in adults can affect mood and cognition.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too little hormone. Common causes include autoimmune disease (like Hashimoto's), iodine deficiency, or certain medications.

Goiter defined

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can result from iodine deficiency, hormonal imbalance, or nodules. Not all goiters affect thyroid function.

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is often highly treatable, especially in its early stages. It includes several types such as papillary, follicular, medullary, and the more aggressive anaplastic. Common signs include neck lumps, voice changes, and trouble swallowing.

Weight fluctuations

Hypothyroidism often leads to weight gain, while hyperthyroidism can cause unexpected weight loss. Both are due to changes in metabolic rate and hormone activity.

Neck swelling and pain

Visible swelling in the neck or discomfort while swallowing can indicate a thyroid issue, especially goiter or nodules. Persistent pain may need medical evaluation.

Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism

Levothyroxine is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism. It's a synthetic T4 hormone taken daily to restore normal hormone levels and alleviate symptoms.

Thyroid surgery

Thyroidectomy may be required for large goiters, cancer, or unmanageable hyperthyroidism. Partial or full removal depends on the underlying condition.

Thyroid and pregnancy

Thyroid hormones are essential during pregnancy for fetal brain development. Untreated thyroid issues can lead to miscarriage, preterm birth, or developmental problems.

Diet and thyroid health

A balanced diet with adequate iodine, selenium, zinc, and vitamin D supports thyroid health. Cruciferous vegetables are fine in moderation unless advised otherwise.

Living with thyroid disease

With proper management, most people with thyroid disease can live normal, healthy lives. Treatment usually requires lifelong medication and routine monitoring of hormone levels.

When to see a doctor

Consult a doctor if you notice persistent fatigue, weight changes, neck swelling, mood shifts, or menstrual irregularities. These can be early signs of thyroid dysfunction.

Sources: (Cleveland Clinic) (Johns Hopkins Medicine) (Healthline)